Protein Energy Malnutrition Essay

* Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant) * Marasmus (deficiency in both calorie and protein nutrition) * Marasmic Kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs present, almosttimes referred to as the near severe form of malnutrition) Note that this may as well as be secondary to other conditions much(prenominal) as chronic renal disease3 or dirty dogcer cachexia4 in which protein energy wasting may occur. Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they contract less protein intake. The few r are cases found in the developed world are nearly entirely found in small children as a result offad pabulums, or ignorance of the nutritional inevitably of children, in particular in cases of milk allergy.5Kwashiorkor (pronounced /kwirkr/) is an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with suety infiltrates. The presence of edema caused by poor nutrition defines kwashiorkor.1 Kwashiorkor was thought to be caused by insufficient protein enjoyment hardly with sufficient calorie intake, distinguishing it from marasmus. More recently, micronutrient and antioxidant deficiencies have come to be recognized as contributory.Cases in the developed world are rare.2 Jamaican pediatrician Dr. Cicely D. Williams introduced the name into the aesculapian community in her 1935 Lancet article.3 The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana, translated as the sickness the cocker gets when the new baby comes,4citation needed and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes.5 Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a childs growth. In at-risk populations, kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk, replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates, especially starches, but deficient in protein.SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSThe defining sign of kwashiorkor in a malnourished child is pedal edema (swelling of the feet). Other signs entangle a distended abdomen, an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, thinning hair, loss of teeth, skin depigmentation and dermatitis. Children with kwashiorkor oft develop irritability and anorexia.1 Victims of kwashiorkor fail to produce antibodies following inoculation against diseases, including diphtheria and typhoid.6 Generally, the disease can be treated by adding food energy and protein to the diet however, it can have a long-term impact on a childs physical and mental development, and in severe cases may lead to death. In dry climates, marasmus is the more frequent disease associated with malnutrition. Another malnutrition syndrome includes cachexia, although it is often caused by underlying illnesses. These are valuable considerations in the treatment of the patients.POSSIBLE CAUSESThere are sundry(a) explanations for the development of kwashiorkor and the topic remains controversial.8 It is now accepted that protein deficiency, in combination with energy and micronutrient deficiency, is necessary but not sufficient to cause kwashiorkor.citation needed The condition is likely receivable to deficiency of one of several types of nutrients (e.g., iron, folic acid, iodine, selenium, vitamin C), particularly those involved with anti-oxidant protection. Important anti-oxidants in the body that are reduced in children with kwashiorkor include glutathione, albumin, vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, if a child with reduced type one nutrients or anti-oxidants is exposed to stress (e.g. an transmittal or toxin) he/she is more liable to develop kwashiorkor. Ignorance of nutrition can be a cause.Dr. Latham, director of the Program in International Nutrition at Cornell University cited a case where parents who fed their child tapioca plant failed to recognize malnutrition because of the edema caused b y the syndrome and insisted the child was well-nourished despite the lack of dietary protein.citation needed One important factor in the development of kwashiorkor is aflatoxin poisoning. Aflatoxins are produced by molds and ingested with moldy foods. They are toxified by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver, the resulting epoxides damage liver DNA. Since many serum proteins, in particular albumin, are produced in the liver, the symptoms of kwashiorkor are good explained. It is noteworthy that kwashiorkor occurs mostly in warm, humid climates that encourage mold growth.Protein should be supplied save for anabolic purposes. The catabolic needs should be satisfied with carbohydrate and fat. Protein catabolism involves the ureacycle, which is located in the liver and can easily overwhelm the capacity of an already damaged organ. The resulting liver failure can be fatal. In a study of twins from Malawi, presented March 9 at the International Human Microbiome congress in Vancouver, kwashiorkor bear upon one twin in 50% of a study group, but both twins only 7% of the time. When gut bacteria from the twins were transplanted into germ-free mice, the mice receiving bacteria from affected twins lost more cant on a typical Malawian diet consisting largely of corn flour and water with some vegetables. It was speculated that transplantation of fecal bacteria may help affected childrenMARASMUSMarasmus is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency. A child with marasmus looks emaciated. Body weight may be reduced to less than 80% of the average weight that corresponds to the height .citation needed Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1, whereas kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months. It can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that kwashiorkor is protein wasting with the presence of edema. The prognosis is better than it is for kwashiorkor.1The word marasmus comes from the Greek marasmos consumption from maraine in to consume, exhaust.-Signs and symptomsThe malnutrition associated with marasmus leads to extensive tissue and muscle wasting, as well as variable edema. Other common characteristics include dry skin, loose skin folds hanging over the buttocks (glutei) and armpit (axillae), etc. There is also drastic loss of adipose tissue (body fat) from normal areas of fat deposits like buttocks and thighs. The afflicted are often fretful, irritable, and voraciously hungry. Marasmus is generally known as the gradual wasting away of the body due to severe malnutrition or inadequate absorption of food. Marasmus is a form of severe protein deficiency and is one of the forms of protein-energy fail (PEM). It is a severe form of malnutrition caused by inadequate intake of proteins and calories