Utilitarian Ethics

OPTION A Write a contrast essay dealing with the major distinction between utilitarian and deontological reason. Make honorable mention to all relevant aspects of the two positions including the act and rule versions along with pertinent examples that clarify your answer. The major distinction between Emmanual Kants deontological reasoning and Mills utilitarian reasonsing is that deontological reasoning refers to duty, which is usually determined without regard to circumstances or consequences where as utilitarian reasoning al focussings considers circumstances and consequences.A good case can be make that classic deontological theories, like Kant categorical imperative, atomic number 18 just utilitarian theories very well disguised. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is an honourable system that is most of 10 attributed to philosophers such as stool Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism believes that the most ethical thing to do is to maximize the happiness within a society . Utilitarians believe that actions have calculable outcomes and that ethical choices have outcomes which lead to the most happiness to the most members of a society.Utilitarianism is often considered a consequentialist philosophical outlook because it both believes that outcomes can be predicted and because it judges actions ground on their outcomes. Thus, utilitarianism is often associated with the phrase the ends justify the means. Deontology Deontology is an alternative ethical system that is usually attributed to the philosophical tradition of Immanuel Kant. Whereas utilitarianism focuses on the outcomes, or ends, of actions, deontology demands that the actions, or means, themselves must be ethical.Deontologists argue that there are transcendent ethical norms and truths that are universally applicable to all flock. Deontology holds that some actions are immoral regardless of their outcomes these actions are injure in and of themselves. Kant gives a categorical imperative to act morally at all times. The categorical imperative demands that humans act in a way that their actions can be universalized into a general rule of nature. Kant believes that all people come to moral conclusions about right and ill-timed base on shrewd thought.Deontology is roughly associated with the maxim the means must justify the ends. The conflict illustrated A classic example illustrates the conflict between these two ethical systems. Suppose an crime villain holds you and ten other people at gunpoint and tells you that she will use up all ten of your fellow prisoners unless you kill one of them yourself. You have no doubts about the veracity of the villains threats you believe fully that she will do as she says she will. Therefore, you have two options.The first option is to kill one of the ten people to save the lives of the other nine. The other option is to do nothing and watch the villain kill all ten people. Utilitarians would most likely conclude that you should kill the one person because it has the most beneficial outcome. Deontologists would most likely conclude that you should not kill the one person because killing another person is wrong as a universal moral truth. Utilitarianisms answers to deontology Utilitarianisms first answer to deontology is to say that there are no universal moral truths. Such truths are difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain. On the other hand, the benefits and disadvantages of actions are much more easily calculated. Thus, rather than relying on amorphous, vague moral truths to guide action we should look to more cover ways of determining the ethics of a particular act. Also, utilitarianism would argue that deontology leads to morally untenable outcomes, such as in the example above. Utilitarians would argue that the outcome of ten deaths is much less desirable than one.Thus, we should always look to the ends rather than the means to determine whether an act is ethical or not. Deontologys answers to uti litarianism Deontologys first answer to utilitarianism is to say that the ends are illusory. That is, it is impossible to predict the outcomes of ones actions with absolute certainty. The only thing one can be sure of is whether his or her actions are ethical or not based on the categorical imperative. Additionally, deontologists believe that we can only be obligated for our own actions and not the ctions of others. Thus, in the example above you are only amenable for your decision whether to kill the prisoner or not the villain is the one making the unethical choice to kill the rest of the prisoners. One is only responsible for following the categorical imperative. Finally, deontologists argue that utilitarianism devolves into dangerous moral relativism where human beings are allowed to justify heinous acts on the grounds that their outcomes are beneficial.